1. (of an illness or condition) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring
(疾病或狀況)慢性的,長期的
He suffers from chronic back pain.
他患有慢性背痛。
Chronic stress can have serious effects on your health.
慢性壓力會對你的健康造成嚴重影響。
形容持續很長時間或反覆發生的狀況,通常帶有負面含義。
長期持續的(疾病或問題)
EN: a chronic illness
翻譯: 一種慢性疾病
長期的、持續存在的
EN: chronic unemployment
翻譯: 長期失業
習慣性的、積習難改的
EN: a chronic complainer
翻譯: 一個習慣性抱怨者
嚴重的、糟糕的
EN: The pain was chronic.
翻譯: 疼痛非常嚴重。
小提醒:注意:chronic 主要用於描述負面或不良的狀況(如疾病、問題、習慣),通常不帶有正面意義。
點擊下方的 US / UK 按鈕可播放發音。
Real-life Examples of "Chronic" from YouTube Videos
Ellen 't Hoen: Pool medical patents, save lives
TED
“This was at a time that treatment actually existed in rich countries. AIDS had become a chronic disease.”
1. (of an illness or condition) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring
(疾病或狀況)慢性的,長期的
He suffers from chronic back pain.
他患有慢性背痛。
Chronic stress can have serious effects on your health.
慢性壓力會對你的健康造成嚴重影響。
2. (of a problem) long-lasting and difficult to eradicate
(問題)長期存在的,難以根除的
The city faces chronic traffic congestion.
這座城市面臨長期的交通擁堵問題。
Chronic underfunding has crippled the public healthcare system.
長期的資金不足已使公共醫療系統癱瘓。
3. (of a person) having a habit or illness that persists for a long time
(人)長期有某種習慣或疾病的
She is a chronic worrier.
她是個長期憂慮的人。
He became a chronic insomniac after the accident.
事故之後,他成了長期失眠者。
4. (informal, British) of a very poor quality; very bad
(非正式,英式)極差的,糟透的
The service at that restaurant was absolutely chronic.
那間餐廳的服務簡直糟透了。
He has chronic taste in music.
他的音樂品味極差。
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| chronic + noun | 慢性的、長期的 | He suffers from chronic pain. (他患有慢性疼痛。) |
| chronic + condition/illness/disease | 慢性疾病 | Diabetes is a chronic condition. (糖尿病是一種慢性疾病。) |
| chronic + problem/shortage | 長期存在的問題/短缺 | The city faces a chronic housing shortage. (這座城市面臨長期的住房短缺。) |
| be + chronic | 是慢性的、是長期的 | The inflammation became chronic. (發炎轉為慢性的了。) |
| chronic + smoker/drinker | 長期吸菸者/飲酒者 | He is a chronic smoker and finds it hard to quit. (他是個老菸槍,覺得很難戒菸。) |
對比範例: EN: He suffers from chronic back pain. 翻譯: 他患有慢性背痛。
EN:He is chronic complaining about his workload.
翻譯:他老是抱怨工作量太大。
EN:The country faces chronic unemployment.
翻譯:該國面臨長期的失業問題。
EN:She is chronic procrastinating on her assignments.
翻譯:她總是拖延她的作業。
在正式寫作中,優先使用 chronic + N 結構;使用 chronic + V-ing 時,通常意在強調並批評某種令人不悅的慣性行為。
chronic vs acute
「chronic」描述長期持續或反覆發生的狀況;「acute」則指突然發生且嚴重,但通常持續時間較短的狀況。
chronic vs persistent
「chronic」通常指(尤指疾病或問題)長期存在且難以根治;「persistent」則強調持續不斷、堅持不懈的狀態或行為。
chronic vs habitual
「chronic」描述狀況本身的長期性;「habitual」則強調因習慣而重複發生的行為或狀態。
在口語中,常用來引述或轉述他人(如醫生、專家)的診斷或評論,語氣較為客觀。 EN: My doctor said it's a chronic condition, so I'll need to manage it long-term. 翻譯: 我的醫生說這是慢性病,所以我需要長期管理。
EN:They told me the pain is chronic, which means it won't just go away on its own.
翻譯:他們告訴我這疼痛是慢性的,意思是不會自己消失。
與程度副詞或強調詞連用,表達問題的嚴重性或長期性,帶有無奈或抱怨的語氣。 EN: It's a chronic problem with this software—it crashes every other day. 翻譯: 這軟體有個老毛病—每隔一天就當機。
EN:He has a chronic habit of being late, and it's really starting to annoy everyone.
翻譯:他有愛遲到的壞習慣,真的開始讓大家都很煩。
在描述個人困擾或健康問題時,用作句子中的停頓或思考點,後面常接具體說明或後果。 EN: I've been dealing with this... chronic back pain, and it makes it hard to sit for long. 翻譯: 我一直在應付這個...慢性的背痛,讓我很難久坐。
EN:The stress has become kind of... chronic, you know? It's just always there in the background.
翻譯:壓力已經變得有點...長期性了,你懂嗎?它就像一直在背景裡。
正式寫作注意:在學術或正式醫學報告中,應避免將 "chronic" 用於非醫學情境(如 "chronic lateness"),並優先使用更精確的術語(如 "persistent", "long-standing", "recurrent")來描述非健康相關的長期狀態。
chronic condition
chronic + condition
慢性病;長期存在的健康問題
chronic pain
chronic + pain
慢性疼痛
chronic illness
chronic + illness
慢性疾病
chronic fatigue
chronic + fatigue
慢性疲勞
chronic problem
chronic + problem
長期存在的問題;痼疾
chronic shortage
chronic + shortage
長期短缺
chronic stress
chronic + stress
慢性壓力
chronic disease
chronic + disease
慢性病
×He has a chronic disease for three years.
✓He has had a chronic disease for three years.
「chronic」描述的是疾病本身的性質(長期、持續),而非持續的時間。若要表達「患病多久」,需使用現在完成式「has had」。
×He is a chronic smoker for 20 years.
✓He has been a chronic smoker for 20 years.
「chronic」修飾名詞時,描述的是「習慣或狀態的性質」(根深蒂固、長期的)。若要表達「持續多久」,需使用現在完成進行式「has been」。
×This is a chronic problem that will be solved soon.
✓This is a chronic problem that is difficult to solve.
「chronic」意指問題「長期存在且難以根除」,與「soon(即將解決)」在語意上矛盾。應搭配表示持續性或困難性的描述。
×He is chronic late.
✓He is chronically late. / He is a chronic latecomer.
「chronic」為形容詞,修飾名詞(如 a chronic latecomer)。若修飾形容詞(如 late)或動詞,需使用副詞形式「chronically」。
×I have a chronic headache today.
✓I have a bad headache today. (If it's a one-time event)
「chronic」指的是「持續很長一段時間或反覆發作」的狀況,不適用於單次、短暫的事件。單次的嚴重頭痛應使用「bad/severe/migraine」等詞。
×The company is in a chronic situation.
✓The company is in a chronic crisis. / The company faces chronic difficulties.
「chronic」通常修飾具體的名詞(如疾病、問題、狀況),而非泛指「situation」。應具體指出是什麼樣的長期狀況(如 crisis, shortage, problem)。