Chronic Meaning(定義、用法、例句與發音)

chronic

adjective

快速理解

What does "Chronic" mean?What are 2-3 core uses of "Chronic"?

形容持續很長時間或反覆發生的狀況,通常帶有負面含義。

  1. 1

    長期持續的(疾病或問題)

    EN: a chronic illness

    翻譯: 一種慢性疾病

  2. 2

    長期的、持續存在的

    EN: chronic unemployment

    翻譯: 長期失業

  3. 3

    習慣性的、積習難改的

    EN: a chronic complainer

    翻譯: 一個習慣性抱怨者

  4. 4

    嚴重的、糟糕的

    EN: The pain was chronic.

    翻譯: 疼痛非常嚴重。

小提醒:注意:chronic 主要用於描述負面或不良的狀況(如疾病、問題、習慣),通常不帶有正面意義。

發音(How to Pronounce "Chronic" in English

How to pronounce "Chronic" in English?"Chronic" US vs UK pronunciation

點擊下方的 US / UK 按鈕可播放發音。

Real-life Examples of "Chronic" from YouTube Videos

Ellen 't Hoen: Pool medical patents, save lives

TED

This was at a time that treatment actually existed in rich countries. AIDS had become a chronic disease.

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Definitions(定義)

What are the definitions of "Chronic"?How does "Chronic" change by context?

1. (of an illness or condition) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring

(疾病或狀況)慢性的,長期的

He suffers from chronic back pain.

他患有慢性背痛。

Chronic stress can have serious effects on your health.

慢性壓力會對你的健康造成嚴重影響。

2. (of a problem) long-lasting and difficult to eradicate

(問題)長期存在的,難以根除的

The city faces chronic traffic congestion.

這座城市面臨長期的交通擁堵問題。

Chronic underfunding has crippled the public healthcare system.

長期的資金不足已使公共醫療系統癱瘓。

3. (of a person) having a habit or illness that persists for a long time

(人)長期有某種習慣或疾病的

She is a chronic worrier.

她是個長期憂慮的人。

He became a chronic insomniac after the accident.

事故之後,他成了長期失眠者。

4. (informal, British) of a very poor quality; very bad

(非正式,英式)極差的,糟透的

The service at that restaurant was absolutely chronic.

那間餐廳的服務簡直糟透了。

He has chronic taste in music.

他的音樂品味極差。

Grammar & Patterns(句型)

What are common sentence patterns for "Chronic"?How to make natural sentences with "Chronic"?
PatternMeaningExample
chronic + noun慢性的、長期的He suffers from chronic pain. (他患有慢性疼痛。)
chronic + condition/illness/disease慢性疾病Diabetes is a chronic condition. (糖尿病是一種慢性疾病。)
chronic + problem/shortage長期存在的問題/短缺The city faces a chronic housing shortage. (這座城市面臨長期的住房短缺。)
be + chronic是慢性的、是長期的The inflammation became chronic. (發炎轉為慢性的了。)
chronic + smoker/drinker長期吸菸者/飲酒者He is a chronic smoker and finds it hard to quit. (他是個老菸槍,覺得很難戒菸。)

用法說明

How is "Chronic" different from similar structures?What usage mistakes are common with "Chronic"?

chronic + N 與 chronic + V-ing

  • chronic + N 是最常見的結構,直接描述一個長期存在的名詞性事物(如疾病、問題、狀況)。
  • chronic + V-ing 則強調一個持續進行的動作或行為模式,通常帶有負面評價,表示該行為已成為一種難以改變的習慣或頑疾。
  • 兩者核心皆指「長期的」,但 chronic + V-ing 更聚焦於「持續不斷的行為本身」。
  • 一般來說,chronic + N 的使用範圍更廣、更中性;而 chronic + V-ing 較為口語化,且帶有更強烈的批評或無奈語氣。

對比範例: EN: He suffers from chronic back pain. 翻譯: 他患有慢性背痛。

EN:He is chronic complaining about his workload.

翻譯:他老是抱怨工作量太大。

EN:The country faces chronic unemployment.

翻譯:該國面臨長期的失業問題。

EN:She is chronic procrastinating on her assignments.

翻譯:她總是拖延她的作業。

總結建議

在正式寫作中,優先使用 chronic + N 結構;使用 chronic + V-ing 時,通常意在強調並批評某種令人不悅的慣性行為。

易混淆對比

What is the difference between "Chronic" and similar words?How to choose "Chronic" vs alternatives?

chronic vs acute

「chronic」描述長期持續或反覆發生的狀況;「acute」則指突然發生且嚴重,但通常持續時間較短的狀況。

chronic vs persistent

「chronic」通常指(尤指疾病或問題)長期存在且難以根治;「persistent」則強調持續不斷、堅持不懈的狀態或行為。

chronic vs habitual

「chronic」描述狀況本身的長期性;「habitual」則強調因習慣而重複發生的行為或狀態。

口語用法

How is "Chronic" used in spoken English?What is the spoken vs formal difference for "Chronic"?

引述

在口語中,常用來引述或轉述他人(如醫生、專家)的診斷或評論,語氣較為客觀。 EN: My doctor said it's a chronic condition, so I'll need to manage it long-term. 翻譯: 我的醫生說這是慢性病,所以我需要長期管理。

EN:They told me the pain is chronic, which means it won't just go away on its own.

翻譯:他們告訴我這疼痛是慢性的,意思是不會自己消失。

語氣強調

與程度副詞或強調詞連用,表達問題的嚴重性或長期性,帶有無奈或抱怨的語氣。 EN: It's a chronic problem with this software—it crashes every other day. 翻譯: 這軟體有個老毛病—每隔一天就當機。

EN:He has a chronic habit of being late, and it's really starting to annoy everyone.

翻譯:他有愛遲到的壞習慣,真的開始讓大家都很煩。

停頓填充

在描述個人困擾或健康問題時,用作句子中的停頓或思考點,後面常接具體說明或後果。 EN: I've been dealing with this... chronic back pain, and it makes it hard to sit for long. 翻譯: 我一直在應付這個...慢性的背痛,讓我很難久坐。

EN:The stress has become kind of... chronic, you know? It's just always there in the background.

翻譯:壓力已經變得有點...長期性了,你懂嗎?它就像一直在背景裡。

正式寫作注意:在學術或正式醫學報告中,應避免將 "chronic" 用於非醫學情境(如 "chronic lateness"),並優先使用更精確的術語(如 "persistent", "long-standing", "recurrent")來描述非健康相關的長期狀態。

常見短語

What common collocations use "Chronic"?What fixed phrases with "Chronic" should I remember?

chronic condition

chronic + condition

慢性病;長期存在的健康問題

chronic pain

chronic + pain

慢性疼痛

chronic illness

chronic + illness

慢性疾病

chronic fatigue

chronic + fatigue

慢性疲勞

chronic problem

chronic + problem

長期存在的問題;痼疾

chronic shortage

chronic + shortage

長期短缺

chronic stress

chronic + stress

慢性壓力

chronic disease

chronic + disease

慢性病

常見錯誤

What are common mistakes with "Chronic"?Which "Chronic" sentences look correct but are wrong?

×He has a chronic disease for three years.

He has had a chronic disease for three years.

「chronic」描述的是疾病本身的性質(長期、持續),而非持續的時間。若要表達「患病多久」,需使用現在完成式「has had」。

×He is a chronic smoker for 20 years.

He has been a chronic smoker for 20 years.

「chronic」修飾名詞時,描述的是「習慣或狀態的性質」(根深蒂固、長期的)。若要表達「持續多久」,需使用現在完成進行式「has been」。

×This is a chronic problem that will be solved soon.

This is a chronic problem that is difficult to solve.

「chronic」意指問題「長期存在且難以根除」,與「soon(即將解決)」在語意上矛盾。應搭配表示持續性或困難性的描述。

×He is chronic late.

He is chronically late. / He is a chronic latecomer.

「chronic」為形容詞,修飾名詞(如 a chronic latecomer)。若修飾形容詞(如 late)或動詞,需使用副詞形式「chronically」。

×I have a chronic headache today.

I have a bad headache today. (If it's a one-time event)

「chronic」指的是「持續很長一段時間或反覆發作」的狀況,不適用於單次、短暫的事件。單次的嚴重頭痛應使用「bad/severe/migraine」等詞。

×The company is in a chronic situation.

The company is in a chronic crisis. / The company faces chronic difficulties.

「chronic」通常修飾具體的名詞(如疾病、問題、狀況),而非泛指「situation」。應具體指出是什麼樣的長期狀況(如 crisis, shortage, problem)。

詞形變化

What are the word forms of "Chronic"?What are tense/participle forms of "Chronic"?